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    Find the sentences in the text where these words occur:
    erupt    surge   trace   undistinguished   casualty

    Look these words up in a dictionary which gives examples of how they are used.
    Now answer the following questions.
    1. What are the things that can erupt? Use examples to explain the various meanings of erupt. Now do the same for the word surge. What things can surge?
    2. What are the meanings of the word trace and which of the meanings is closest to the word in the text?
    3. Can you find undistinguished in your dictionary? (If not, look for the word distinguished and say what undistinguished mean.)
    1. A few things that can erupt are anger, volcano, tooth, rash, riots, unrest, etc.  Erupt has several meanings. Their explanation, with examples, is given as follows:
    (i) Start unexpectedly
    Example: Riots erupted in the city.
    (ii) Start to burn or burst into flames
    Example: The spark soon erupted into flames.
    (iii) Become active and spew forth lava and rocks
    Example: The molten lava erupted out of the active volcano.
    (iv) Forceful and violent release of something pent up
    Example: The difference in their views soon erupted in a fight.
    (v) Sudden appearance on the skin
    Example: On the day of the party, a pimple erupted on her face.
    (vi) Break out
    Example: Eruption of the wisdom tooth gives a lot of pain.
    Things that can surge are pride, anxiety, waves, boats, army, etc. The several meanings it has can be explained with the following examples:
    (i) Sudden forceful flow
    Example: The boy drowned in the surging waves.
    (ii) Rise and move forward
    The army surged towards their enemy.
    (iii) Heave upward under the influence of a natural force
    Example: The boat surged in the high tide.
    (iv) See one's performance improve
    Example: Hard work helped to surge Sandra's scores.
    (v) A sudden or abrupt strong increase
    Example: The surge in the stock market left people in a shock.
    (vi) Rise rapidly
    Example: As time passed, her tension surged.

    2.  The following are the meanings of the word trace:
    (i) Follow, discover, or ascertain the course of development of something
    (ii) Make a mark or lines on a surface
    (iii) To go back over again
    (iv) Pursue or chase relentlessly
    (v) Find or discover through investigation
    (vi) Make one's course or travel along a path; travel or pass over, around, or along
    (vii) Read with difficulty
    The closest meaning of the word ‘trace’ in the text is ‘to find or discover through investigation’.

    3. No, the word undistinguished does not exist in the dictionary. However, its meaning can be derived from the meaning of the word ‘distinguished’, which denotes the ‘special or eminent appearance or behaviour of a person’. Thus, undistinguished symbolises ‘ordinary appearance or behaviour of a person’.
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    How does the author describe: (i) his father, (ii) his mother, (iii) himself?
     i) Kalam’s father, Jainulabdeen was not a wealthy or educated person. However, he was an honest and generous man, who possessed great innate wisdom. He was self-disciplined and avoided all inessential luxuries. 
    (ii)  Kalam’s mother, Ashiamma was an ideal helpmate to her husband. She believed in goodness and profound kindness, and fed many people everyday.
    (iii) The author describes himself as a short boy with undistinguished looks, who had a secure childhood. He is an honest and self-disciplined person, who believes in goodness and deep kindness.
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    2. (i) Why did Abdul Kalam want to leave Rameswaram?
    (ii) What did his father say to this?
    (iii) What do you think his words mean? Why do you think he spoke those words?
    (i) Kalam wanted to leave Rameswaram for further studies. He wanted to study at the district headquarters in Ramanathapuram. 

    (ii) Kalam's father said that he knew that one day Kalam had to go away to grow. He gave him the analogy of a seagull that flies across the sun alone and without a nest. He then quoted Khalil Gibran to Kalam's mother saying that her children were not their own children. They were the sons and daughters of Life's longing for itself. They come through their parents, but not from them. They may give them their love, but not their thoughts as the children have their own thoughts.

    (iii) Abdul Kalam’s father’s words bear great meanings. First, he inspired his son to go ahead above giving the example of the seagull. Secondly, he explained Kalam’s mother to give his son opportunities to get higher education and to make progress. I think he spoke those words to encourage Abdul Kalam and to control the emotional attachment of his wife for Kalam. 
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    1. 'On the whole, the small society of Rameswaram was very rigid in terms of the segregation of different social groups', says the author.
    (i) Which social groups does he mention? Were these groups easily identifiable (for example, by the way they dressed)?
    (ii) Were they aware only of their differences or did they also naturally share friendships and experiences? (Think of the bedtime stories in Kalam’s house; of who his friends were; and of what used to take place in the pond near his house.)
    (iii) The author speaks both of people who were very aware of the differences
    among them and those who tried to bridge these differences. Can you identify such people in the text?
    (iv) Narrate two incidents that show how differences can be created, and also how they can be resolved. How can people change their attitudes?

    (i) He mentions two social groups of Rameshwaram – orthodox Brahmins and Muslims. Yes, these groups were easily identifiable. For example, by the way they dressed; Kalam wore a cap which marked him as a Muslim. Ramanadha Sastry wore a seared thread which marked him a Hindu.

    (ii) No, they were not only aware of their differences but also they naturally shared friendships and experiences.
    Kalam’s mother and grandmother would tell the children of his family bedtime stories about the events from the Ramayana and from the life of the prophet. During the Shri Sita Rama Kalyanam ceremony, his family used to arrange boats with a special platform for carrying idols of the Lord from the temple to the marriage site, situated in the middle of the pond called Rama Tirtha which was near his house.

    (iii) The people who were very aware of the differences among them, were the young teacher who joined the Rameshwaram elementary school and came to teach Kalam’s class, the fifth standard; and his science teacher’s conservative wife who refused to serve Kalam in her ritually pull kitchen. Those who tried to bridge these differences were Kalam’s science teacher Sivasubramania Iyer who invited, served and dined with him to break social barriers so that people could mingle easily; and Lakshmana Sastry who conveyed the strong sense of conviction to the new young teacher to reform him.

    (iv) The first incident to show that how differences can be created is that when the new young teacher found a Muslim student sitting beside a Hindu student, he asked Kalam to sit in the last raw. His friend Ramanadha Sastry was heartbreaken. They informed their respective parents Lakshmana Sastry summoned the teacher and conveyed the strong sense of conviction which ultimately reformed him.
    The other incident shows that how differences can be resolved. The author’s science teacher, Sivasubramania Iyer, though an orthodox Brahmin with a very conservative tried to bridge these differences.
    People can change their attitudes by observing no difference in the way of Hindu’s and a Muslim’s eating of meals, drinking of water and cleaning of the floor.
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    What characteristics does he say he inherited from his parents?
    He says that he inherited honesty and self discipline from his father. He further says that he inherited faith in goodness and deep kindness from his mother.
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